The WALLACES OF SANDAY, ORKNEY, SCOTLAND Walter D. Custer 1851 Park Skyline Rd. Santa Ana, California 92705 USA 714 730-6153 Internet E-Mail: wcuster@mindspring.com Web Site: http://www.mindspring.com/~wcuster/main.html July 4, 1997 In memory of Jackie Wallace #2 Lettan, Sanday Orkney, Scotland 1927-1990 and his love and knowledge of the Isle of Sanday and our Orcadian heritage TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ORIGIN OF THE SANDAY WALLACE NAME INSTRUCTIONS FOR FINDING A WALLACE RELATIVE IN THIS PAPER WALLACE INDEX DESCENDANTS CHARTS John Wallace RN# 684 - 8 generations Alexander Robert Wallace RN# 711 - 2 generations James Wallace RN# 730 - 7 generations William Wallace RN# 760 - 3 generations Christina Wallace Peace RN# 788 - 2 generations Elizabeth Wallace Slater RN# 824 - 3 generations Elizabeth Wallace Muir RN# 827 - 3 generations Janet Wallace Guthrie RN# 855 - 2 generations John Wallace RN# 878 - 2 generations John Wallace RN# 883 - 2 generations John Wallace RN# 899 - 4 generations John Wallace RN# 903 - 2 generations John Wallace RN# 909 - 2 generations Margaret Ann Wallace Watt RN# 922 - 2 generations Marion Wallace Craigie RN# 923 - 2 generations Robert Wallace RN# 940 - 2 generations Samuel Wallace RN# 956 - 1 generation William Wallace RN# 957 - 2 generations James L (Learmonth ?) Wallace RN# 976 - 1 generation Peter Wallace RN# 977 - 1 generation Andreana Wallace Creay (Craigie) RN# 1038 - 2 generations Barbara Wallace Drever RN# 1053 - 2 generations Elizabeth Wallace Muir RN# 1054 - 2 generations James Wallace RN# 1060 - 1 generation Catherine Wallace RN# 1061 - 1 generation John Alexander Wallace RN# 1078 - 2 generations Elspet Wallace RN# 1083 - 2 generations Rev James Wallace RN# 1268 - 2 generations William Wallace RN# 2149 - 2 generations WALLACE FOOTNOTES WALLACE SOURCES Scottish Civil Vital Records Parish Records Cemeteries Maps Censuses Libraries, etc. Reference Books, etc. Personal Communications VALIDITY OF RELATIONSHIPS IN FAMILY DESCENDANCY CHARTS GLOSSARY COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE APPENDIX Recipients of this Paper INTRODUCTION In January 1983 as a hobby I began a genealogical search of the predecessors and descendants of my grandfather Robert Wallace Cursiter. Robert's mother was Mary Wallace (the daughter of David Wallace and Elizabeth Drever). Mary was born November 1847 in Sanday, Orkney, Scotland. She married Robert Cursiter 10 Nov 1872 in Sanday and had six children, five of whom survived infancy. In 1890 my grandfather Robert (with his parents Robert and Mary and four sisters) left Orkney, sailing from Glasgow 3 June 1890 on the ship "Canadian" and arriving at the port of Quebec 14 June 1890. The "passenger list" shows that their ultimate destination was Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. As a number of Orcadians settled in Hamilton in this time period, perhaps Robert's family followed the emigration lead of related Turfuses, Drevers and Wallaces. The Quebec passenger lists, the 1891 Hamilton census and the 1888 to 1900 city directories contain many of these Orcadian surnames. Robert, his parents and sisters, lived in Hamilton until 1898. He was a tailor and his father worked for the local railroad. In 1898 the entire family emigrated to Chicago, Illinois. Robert's father continued to work for the railroad (as a night watchman) until his death in 1907. My grandfather Robert worked as a tailor in the shop of Fred Grant (who later married Robert's sister Mary). There Robert met a coworker Christine Hrubec (surname later changed to "Roberts"). Robert and Christine married at the Lake Michigan resort of St Joseph, Michigan 15 July 1902. They had three children - my father Robert born 10 July 1903, and his sisters Mildred born 1905 and Lorraine born 1908. Unfortunately my grandfather enjoyed his fiddle, pipe and beer too much to suit my more conservative grandmother. They separated in about 1912 and he moved back to Canada. He died in Montreal of throat cancer 07 February 1928. In 1901 Mary Wallace's brother William, a butcher in Kirkwall, also emigrated to Chicago with his wife Barbara McLachlan and their eight children. When I began this study in 1983 I wasn't sure of our family's country of origin. I started with a search of the 1900 and 1910 US censuses for Illinois and then the International Genealogical Index for Scotland. Finally a family member provided a birth certificate for one of Robert and Mary's children. This document established that Sanday was their previous home. In June 1983 my wife Nancy, son Andy, brother John, parents and I all visited Orkney for the first time. Through quick searches of the IGI, censuses and a few civil records in the New Register House, Edinburgh, we were able to trace our heritage back until about 1800. We then visited Kirkwall and Sanday (one day each). During the following year I pursued our family genealogy through searches of the Scottish censuses, civil vital records, and parish records. All of these were available to some extent (microfilm copies) in the USA. I also began to correspond with the Wallace and Cursiter families that I located in the Orkney phone book. In June 84 my wife and I again visited Orkney, this time allowing a total of one week in Sanday, Papa Westray and Kirkwall. We concentrated on visiting the relatives we had located and also the Registrars of Sanday and Papa Westray to copy the civil records of these islands. After returning from Orkney with a tremendous amount of Wallace, Cursiter, Drever and Turfus data that was not generally available in the USA, I decided to expand my search to include all of the descendants of these families. Using my Apple II+ computer (later upgraded to an IBM PC-XT and then to an IBM PC-AT with a 80 megabyte hard disk) and Quinsept's FAMILY ROOTS genealogy software I entered every Wallace we found in the Sanday records into my computer data base. Many Wallaces who at first appeared not to be relatives were now found to fit onto the family tree! Even if I couldn't establish a relationship to our family I still kept them in the data base. In late 1985 I placed a notice in the ORCADIAN (the local Orkney newspaper) offering copies of this paper free to interested family members. I received about 15 responses and have included the information each family provided. I have also donated copies (12/85 and then an update on 6/87) of this paper to the Mormon Church's GENEALOGY SOCIETY of the Church of the Latter Day Saints in Salt Lake City. While I am not a Mormon I certainly admire their superb genealogy library. I have used their facilities often. Their staff compiled the International Genealogical Index (IGI) and microfilmed the old Scottish parish, census and civil vital records. By my donating a copy of this paper to the GENEALOGY SOCIETY it will be made available on microfilm to genealogy researchers worldwide. Its call number in the British Book Area is 929.241 W155cw. I have also given a copy to the "ORCADIAN ROOM" of the Kirkwall library and the reading room of New Register House in Edinburgh. During June and July 1988 my wife Nancy, sons Andy and Ken and I again visited Orkney. We spent a total of eleven days on the Orkney mainland, S. Ronaldsay, Papa Westray and Sanday. Regarding this Wallace paper we visited contemporary family members and were able to add more detail to charts 684, 730 and 899. We had a wonderful time sightseeing and learning more about our Orcadian heritage. During a subsequent visit to New Register House, Edinburgh I purchased a complete set of microfilms for the 1841 through 1881 decennial censuses for all of Orkney. These will be the subject of future study. In October and November 1989, as part of a business trip to Europe, I (alone) visited Orkney, this time to spend a week in the Orkney Library. Most of my efforts were devoted to the Sanday kirk session records (dating from 1698) and to a lessor extent the Sheriff's Court Records. Both of these sources gave a good "snapshot" of Orcadian life - especially pre 1800. As part of my kirk session search I found that John Wallace (a "single man" on the poor role of Lady parish) lived in Northwall, Sanday in 1699 & 1701. This finding establishes that the Sanday Wallace name is at least 290 years old and seems to dispel the theory that the Northwall Wallaces were descended from the Rev James Wallace (see comments in the next section of this paper). During my 1989 trip to Orkney, I had time to visit friends in the evenings and weekends and was able to obtain some additional contemporary family information. This paper is not now and never will be complete. I have completed the "easy part" by tracing our Wallace forbearers as far back as the oldest records exist for Sanday- the 1841 census, the 1855 civil birth, marriage and death records, the oldest parish birth and marriage records (1735 for Lady and 1758 for Cross and Burness) and the Sanday kirk session records. Further research will be more difficult. Ideally someone should still search these same records for the balance of Orkney, and ultimately all of Scotland (looking for immigrants). This will still leave the rest of the world! Other lines of research could include history books, military records, land deeds, wills, court records and the like. Since all of the older Sanday Wallaces appear to have been poor crofters (tenant farmers), fisherman and laborers and none appeared to have owned land, it is not likely that these other sources (except the military and Sheriff's court records) will be rich in pre 1800 Sanday Wallace history. If a man was poor and didn't own land, little was written about him (unless he committed a serious crime)! None the less my Wallace research will continue (as time allows). I expect that most of the future additions to this paper will now come, not from my own research, but from contemporary family members providing information on their own Wallace family histories. Because this paper was written using a computer, it is very easy to modify and expand (even in the middle)! I welcome all contributions. I have also completed a similar study THE CURSITERS OF ORKNEY, SCOTLAND AND THEIR DESCENDANTS WORLDWIDE (929.241 C939c). This will be followed by a paper on the Turfus family line. I have tried to document the sources of my data. See the WALLACE SOURCES and WALLACE FOOTNOTES portions of this paper for more details. Copies of this paper are available free on request for non-commercial purposes. I look forward to your comments including your contributions and recommended additions and deletions. Walt Custer ORIGIN OF THE SANDAY WALLACE NAME The Sanday surname "Wallace" is believed to have been derived from the early Sanday placename "Waas" a corruption of the Old Norse "vagar" meaning "Land of the Bays". The Sanday surname "Wallace" is not believed to have the same origin as the "Wallace" surname of mainland Scotland. Betsy I. Skea in her book ISLAND IMAGES noted that "Northwall" was once called "Nort Waas" or "Waas" and later "Nortwa". Her book includes a story giving the derivation of "Waas" from the Old Norse "vagar". By contrast Gregor Lamb in his book ORKNEY SURNAMES suggested that instead "Walls" was derived from the Old Norse "valskr" meaning "Celtic People". However in recent personal communications with Mr. Lamb (and in a later ERRATA and ADDENDA supplement to his book) he now supports the derivation from "vagar" rather than "valskr" - both authors now agree. Northwall is of course a current placename on the seventeen mile long island of Sanday, Orkney Isles, Scotland. It is a name given to the eastern tip of this island from the North Ronaldsay Firth on the north and "Start Point" lighthouse on the south and extending southwest for approximately two miles. All of Northwall is in Lady parish. Whatever the Norse origin of "Waas", the original Sanday surname "Wallace" appears to have been derived from this word. Furthermore all of the oldest (pre 1800) Sanday Wallaces on record (excluding the Rev. James Wallace below) appear to have come from the Northwall area of this island. While some early Sanday Wallaces, eg James Wallace #730 and his wife Janet Wilson and their descendants, moved from Lady to Cross (about 1785) and then settled in Burness, they were probably originally from Northwall. After about 1835 the records show that a few non-Orcadian Wallaces immigrated to Sanday from other parts of Scotland and in one case (Samuel Wallace #956) came from Ireland. However I believe it is reasonable to assume that all the old (pre 1835) Sanday Wallace families were originally from Northwall in Lady Parish and that their surname was derived from the area where they lived. Another view of the heritage of some early Sanday Wallaces (and hence their family's Wallace surname) was reported to me by Charles Addington #967, the great, great grandson of William Wallace and Mary Muir. His family's tradition holds that they were descendants of the Reverend James Wallace, the noted historian and author of many books including A DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLES OF ORKNEY. Rev. Wallace was born not in Orkney but on the Scottish mainland (Banffshire) in 1642 and after college graduation was appointed minister of Lady Parish, Sanday (1668 to 1672). He then moved to Kirkwall where he died in 1688. Rev. Wallace had two children who survived infancy (sons James and Andrew). Both sons appear to have been born in Kirkwall. James became a medical doctor for the East Indian Company. He traveled extensively, wrote a number of books and died in 1724. It is unlikely that he returned to Sanday to father any descendants. Andrew's life isn't as well documented. However if he did return to Sanday to father a Wallace line one would expect that the name "Andrew Wallace" would be common in the early (1735-1800) Lady parish records. The Orcadians followed very formal naming patterns for their children (the eldest son was named after his paternal grandfather). Instead no "Andrew Wallaces" were found in the Sanday records until after 1800. I feel that it is unlikely that any early Sanday Wallaces were descended from Rev. James Wallace of mainland Scotland. Owing to the origin and evolution of the Sanday "Wallace" surname a number of variant spellings can be found especially in the pre 1800 Lady Parish church records. Beginning in 1735 (the earliest Lady Parish records) one finds in addition to "Wallace" the names "Wasness", "Westness", "Walls" and "Walace". After about 1800 only "Wallace" and "Walls" were common. INSTRUCTIONS FOR FINDING A WALLACE RELATIVE To locate a specific person with a Wallace surname in this paper--THE WALLACES OF SANDAY, ORKNEY, SCOTLAND let me suggest the following approach. (I have included a specific example which you may want to work through. I have interpreted the data for this example to get you started.) FIRST: Turn to the "Wallace Index" portion of this paper. Read the SCOPE and ABBREVIATIONS USED sections at the beginning of this index. The index is in alphabetical order by first names. Women are listed by maiden, not married names i.e. a woman with a non-Wallace surname but who married a Wallace would not be indexed. She would, however, be listed as her husband's spouse (column 13). SECOND: Locate all the people with the first name you are seeking. Narrow your list of candidates based upon some other piece of known data--parents' names, spouse's name, birth or death date. If you can't find a particular person try finding their parent or child. All you need to find is one relative. The computer descendancy charts will lead you to the rest. The best person to search for is one born between 1855 and about 1930--the data base is most complete for this time period. Here's an example showing in which column I found the needed data: Example: Barbara Wallace, RN#241 (columns 2 & 3) Father was David Wallace RN#121 (columns 8 & 9) Mother was Elizabeth Drever RN#147 (columns 10,11& 12) Spouse was Robert Turfus (column 13) Barbara's birthdate was about 1849 (column 5) Barbara is found in descendancy chart #684 (column 4) All of this information can be obtained from Barbara's listing in the Wallace Index (about one third of the way down the first page). THIRD: Note: a) your person's RN# (the number in the third column just to the right of the given name--Barbara's is RN#241) b) his or her chart # (the number in fourth column--Barbara's chart number is #684). FOURTH: Find the appropriate descendancy chart itself (in Barbara's case it is "Descendants of John Wallace RN=#684"). These charts are found directly after the WALLACE INDEX. Their order is given in the table of contents. Chart #684 is the first (and thickest) one of the set. FIFTH: Locate your person on the chart. Barbara can be found on about page 27 out of 41 on Chart #684. The actual page number may increase as I add more people to this chart. We can see that she had 8 children, James, Davina, Mary Ann, Margaret, Catherine, Georgiana, William, and Elizabeth. Her parents were David Wallace #121 and Elizabeth Drever Wallace #147. Her grandparents were John Wallace #684 and Janet Anderson Wallace #685, SIXTH: Other information you can obtain from Barbara's listing in this descendancy chart includes: BIRTH She was born about 1849 in Lady Parish, Sanday. Since she was born prior to 1855 there would have been no civil birth record (and hence no exact birth date from a civil source). Her birth apparently was not recorded in the Lady parish church records (I searched all the Sanday church records and would have noted any findings). I estimated her birth year (1849) from her age given in the 1871, 81, and 91 censuses as well as her age in her marriage and death records. I learned the parish in which she was born from the census data. MARRIAGE Barbara was married October 20, 1876 to Robert Turfus at the UP Manse in Lady Parish, Sanday. The footnote (^1) refers to "civil records". This means I took this marriage information from her civil marriage record. OCCUPATION I didn't list one for Barbara. (You can see that other people (primarily men) do have listed occupations). Since her husband Robert was a farmer (you can't tell this from Barbara's data--you would have to look at Robert's), Barbara's occupation would probably have been listed in her death and the census records as a "farmer's wife". DEATH Barbara died February 3, 1891 at Hillhouse, Sanday. My information source (footnote ^1) was her civil death record. FOOTNOTES 1-refers to Scottish civil birth, marriage or death records (whichever is appropriate for the reference) 2-Barbara had a son James prior to marrying Robert Turfus. Per his civil birth record his father was a "Mr. Milne" (no first name given). 3-She lived at Botany Bay, Sanday at the 1891 census and Orlich, Sanday at the 1881 census. 4-She lived at Cleatt House at the 1871 census. From the above example, you can see how much information can be obtained from Barbara's rather small entry. Hopefully your relatives will also have complete files! The section of this paper WALLACE FOOTNOTES should help you to decipher my abbreviations. WALLACE INDEX SCOPE This index includes all known people born with a Wallace surname who either: 1) lived sometime during their lives on Sanday, Orkney 2) or were descendants of a Sanday Wallace (even if they themselves never lived on Sanday) 3) it also now includes a few Wallaces who lived in Orkney but not necessarily on Sanday. This index is complete through RN# 3354 and November 6, 1988. EXPLANATION OF EACH COLUMN SURNAME - the family name at birth of the person. The initial spelling is preserved. INDEXED PERSON'S GIVEN NAME - given name(s) at birth. Often variant spellings are found later in life e.g. Elizabeth & Elspeth, Jean & Janet, etc. RN# - the computer code unique to a particular person (formerly called "ID#" in my genealogical writing previous to 2/1/87) CHART# - the descendancy chart # in which a particular person can be found. This "chart number" is the same as the RN# of the oldest generation Wallace on this chart ie Alexander Wallace RN# 701, the son of William Wallace RN# 692 and Mary Muir, can be found in the chart entitled "DESCENDANTS of JOHN WALLACE RN# 684". All of the descendants of John Wallace RN# 684 (including John himself) have this chart number (and can be found) in this Chart. All of these Wallace charts can be found in Section 5 of this paper. BIRTH DATE - year-month-day i.e. 18821103 = 03 Nov 1882. Note that if my source was the IGI then this date may actually be a CHRISTENING date. If my source was the parish or civil records then this is a birth date. You can determine my source by checking the footnotes of the person's entry in the appropriate descendancy chart. If the footnote says "IGI", the date is more likely to be a Christening date. To determine the birth date you must consult the actual parish record. Typically Christening were a few days to a few months after the birth. In extreme cases they might have been 1-2 years later. FARM OR AREA - the birth place address or farm name if given in the source BIRTH PLACE - the parish, city, state, country, etc FATHER'S GIVEN NAME - first and sometimes middle names. Also includes father's surname or "?" if parents weren't married and child took Wallace surname from mother. FATHER'S RN# - computer code for father MOTHER'S MAIDEN NAME - normally her maiden name (possibly her married name from previous marriage but this is unlikely) MOTHER'S GIVEN NAME - name and possibly nickname MOTHER'S RN# - computer code for mother SPOUSE - known spouse(s) in chronological order. "Single" means died unmarried as an adult. "Died Young" means died prior to age 16, presumably unmarried. ABBREVIATIONS USED E - birth, death or marriage date was ESTIMATED based on the birth date of first child or marriage date of person. Women were estimated to have married at age 20, men at 23; their first child was estimated to have been born at age 22 (women) and 25 (men). Estimated dates were used only when no other methods were available. A - birth, marriage or death date was based upon AGES given in census, marriage or death records or on tombstones. B - BEFORE AF - AFTER WALLACE FOOTNOTES The meanings of some typical abbreviations used in the footnotes of the DESCENDANTS charts are as follows: A1782 About 1782 BIRTH RECORD Civil birth record B Lady Kirk Cm Buried in Lady Kirk Cemetery, Sanday B Mt GRNWD CM Buried in Mount Greenwood Cemetery, Chicago B W/Parents Buried with parents B2/10/1883 Born (or buried) Feb 10, 1883 C2/10/1883 Christened Feb 10, 1883 C-IGI Christening per IGI (not verified in original parish records) CENS Census record Civil Records Scottish birth, marriage or death record CM Cemetery D2/10/1883 Died Feb 10, 1883 D/MARY Daughter named Mary DEATH RECORD Civil death record IGI International Genealogical Index IMM 1898 Immigrated in 1898 MARRIAGE RECORD Civil marriage record N Wall at 1841 CENS Living at Northwall at time of 1841 census PH Phone number RM Remarried S/John Son named John W/Mother With Mother WALLACE SOURCES The following sources were utilized: 1. SCOTTISH CIVIL VITAL RECORDS These are the statutory registers of births, marriages and deaths from 1855 to the present. Genealogically they are probably the single most informative and useful of the Scottish records available. They are fully indexed alphabetically by year. Information found in these civil registers includes: BIRTHS--Child's name, birth date and place of birth. Parents' names (including mother's maiden name), occupations, ages, present residence(s), marriage date and place and if the father is deceased at the time of child's birth. For some years (1855) this record also lists the names and ages of the child's brothers and sisters and the birth dates and birthplaces of the parents. MARRIAGES--Bride's and groom's names, ages, marital status, previous spouse(s) names, blood relationships (i.e. are bride and groom cousins), their residences at the time of their marriage, their occupations and the date and place of the marriage ceremony. This record also gives the names of both sets of parents (with the mothers' maiden names), their ages, occupations, and if deceased. DEATHS--Person's name (including maiden name of woman), age, occupation, usual residence and the date, place and cause of death including the duration of the illness and when the deceased was last treated by a doctor. It also gives the spouse's occupation and name (including the wife's maiden name), and the dead person's parents' names (with the mother's maiden name), ages, occupations and if the parents are deceased. An informant (with relationship to deceased and for some years the informant's residence) and often the place of burial is also given. For some years (1855) it also gives the deceased's birthplace, the number of years he or she lived in the parish, and the names and ages of all his or her children (including the year(s) that any died). AVAILABILITY--These civil records exist since 1855 and are available on microfilm for 1855-75 plus 1881 & 91 (the census years). The entire sets for all of Scotland (1855-present) are available at the GENERAL REGISTER OFFICE FOR SCOTLAND, New Register House, Edinburgh EH1 3YT, Scotland (phone 44 31 556 3952), They are also available for the individual districts at the local registrar's home or office. Photostats of individual entries are available for a fee from the New Register House (NRH) providing the vital event's date and place is known within about a four year span. Alphabetical annual indices for 1855 to the present for births, marriages and deaths by surname, given name and place are available (LDS and many local libraries on microfilm) and The New Register House in book form. SCOPE OF MY SEARCH--To date I have searched many of the Orcadian civil vital records for all Wallace entries (current and maiden surnames) for the person, and his or her spouse, parents, spouse's parents, etc. If the name WALLACE showed anywhere in a birth, marriage or death record, I included the data in this paper. The geographical scope of this search encompasses: SANDAY, ORKNEY - every Wallace entry, whether related to my family or not was recorded and included in this study. Dates covered were births (1855-1965), marriages (1855-1939), and deaths (1855-1963). KIRKWALL & PAPA WESTRAY, ORKNEY - my search was very cursory and especially for Kirkwall should be redone. Dates covered: KIRKWALL--Births (none), Marriages (1855-1875), Deaths (1855-1875). PAPA WESTRAY--Births (none), Marriages (1855-1965), Deaths (1855-1966). Note that the Papa Westray search was done primarily for Cursiters. Few if any Wallaces were found. Note also that in more contemporary times (1930 and beyond) many Sanday residents' births and deaths occurred at the hospitals in Kirkwall and Aberdeen rather than on Sanday. Therefore modern events may have been missed (registered in Kirkwall or Aberdeen rather than Sanday). II. PARISH RECORDS From the 17th or mid 18th century (depending on the parish) until 1855 (the beginning of compulsory Scottish civil record keeping), the parish records generally provide the most useful birth, marriage, and occasionally death information. Their quality (legibility, completeness, and extent of preservation) varies from year to year and parish to parish. They also, of course, don't normally include "non-churchgoers". However, these records are available on microfilm (LDS libraries, NRH, Kirkwall Library) and also are completely indexed for Orkney by the INTERNATIONAL GENEALOGICAL INDEX (IGI). These records exist for Sanday in three volumes as follows: VOLUME 1-Cross & Burness births 1758-1819 VOLUME 2-Lady births 1735-1819 Lady marriages 1818-1819 VOLUME 3-Lady births 1820-1854 Lady marriages 1820-1854 Lady deaths 1831-1841 Cross & Burness births 1820-1854 Cross & Burness marriages 1820-1850 All three volumes are found on one LDS microfilm--reference "Orkney Parochial Register, Sanday 26, 101958, D39178, 14505 PT.17" Information in the Sanday parish records is as follows: BIRTHS--Child's name, birth date, christening date, officiating minister, and the child's parents (with mother's maiden name) and if the parents were married. The names of two witnesses to the christening were also given but no relationships of these witnesses to the child were normally provided. Unfortunately often rather than the names of two specific people the term "congregation" was listed for the witnesses' names. Very rarely some other comment such as the farm of residence or where the parents' came from (If not of that parish) was given. MARRIAGES--Bride's and groom's names, date of ceremony, witnesses (no relationships given) and officiating minister. Parents' names were not given. DEATHS--Rare. For Sanday deaths were only recorded for LADY (none for Cross and Burness) from 1831-41. Generally these death notices gave the person's name, death date or year and sometimes age. Neither the spouse, witnesses, or children were given. The Sanday parish records were consolidated into two groups as follows: CROSS AND BURNESS - This includes the southwestern parish (Cross) and the north central parish (Burness). For the early years (pre 1820?) North Ronaldsay, a small island north of Sanday, was also reported in "Cross & Burness". For Cross & Burness, the parish records exist from 1758. The quality (completeness) is as follows: 1758-1776 good 1776 "only 16 of 31 births registered-absence of minister" 1777-1792 good 1793 incomplete 1794-ca1804 good 1804-1820 sloppy, sparse, often out of chronological order 1820-1854 good LADY - This is the northeastern parish of Sanday. Records exist from 1735 and, in general, are of better quality than the Cross & Burness records although there may be gaps about 1790. Per John Wallace of Lettan, a minister once told him that the church roof leaked in a rainstorm causing damage to the Lady records. For Lady births there appears to have been a major "catch up" effort from about 1845-1855 by the minister to register previously unregistered births. During this period whole families were entered in blocks with birth dates extending back until the early 1830's. This suggests that the record keeping in the 1830-45 period originally had been incomplete, and that if a family had children in Lady during this time period and then moved away prior to thee "catch up" of 1845-55, no birth record may exist. SCOPE OF MY SEARCH--For this Wallace study all of Orkney's parish records were first scanned via the IGI (an excellent alphabetical index to these records - among other things). Unfortunately the IGI normally gives only christening (not birth) dates and for Sanday doesn't differentiate between Cross & Burness and Lady. One must then go to the original (or microfilms of) parish records to establish the birth date and parish. I then carefully scanned (via microfilm) all of both the Lady (where most of thee early Wallaces are found) and Cross & Burness (primarily finding Cursiter and Turfus but some Wallaces after about 1780) parish birth, marriage, and for Lady death records. I noted all cases where "Wallace" or "Walace" were mentioned either directly or as a woman's maiden name. I did not find any variant spellings beyond "Walace" ie. "Walles", "Wallas", etc. I deliberately did not record any "Walls" or "Wassness" entries although these do exist (early Lady records). III. CEMETERIES Sanday has three cemeteries (Lady, Cross and Burness). I did a very cursory search of these graveyards (primarily looking for the graves of Cursiters and David Wallace #121) during my first (June, '83) visit to Sanday. In general, I found many of the older (pre 1850) gravestones to be illegible presumably due to the effects of the sea air and lichen growths on these relatively soft stones. In addition, many of my Wallace forbearers were probably poor and might not have had gravestones in the first place. Still another more careful search of the cemeteries (especially now that more family information is available) should be done. IV. MAPS Karl Cooper, Smithscott, Sanday, KW17 2AZ Orkney, Scotland recently (Sept, '84) provided me with an excellent set of four maps encompassing all of Sanday. Mr. Cooper, in cooperation with Gregor Lamb, included all of the known placenames and farm locations. These maps are very detailed. I believe copies are available for a nominal fee from Mr. Cooper. A more generally available (but nearly not so detailed as Mr Cooper's) set of maps is the LANDRANGER SERIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. These ordnance maps provide detail (including many placenames) for all of Great Britain. The Orkney maps in this series are "SHEET 6 - ORKNEY MAINLAND" and "SHEET 5 - ORKNEY NORTH ISLES" (contains Sanday). These maps are generally available in bookstores throughout Scotland. The publisher is The Director General of the Ordnance Survey, Southhampton, England. The PLACENAME SPELLINGS given in my Wallace descendants charts may sometimes be in error. Reasons include illegible handwriting in the original source material, spelling changes depending on the whim of the source author, spelling evolutions with time, confusion on my part of similarly spelled (but quite different) placenames i.e. "Newbigging" (in Northwall, Lady) and "Newbiggings" (in Burness), and simple errors on my part. I intend to review the placename spellings carefully as time permits especially now that I have Karl Cooper's excellent set of maps. V CENSUSES USA FEDERAL CENSUSES - US decennial census data are available for the following years: 1790, 1800, '10, '20, '30, '40, '50, '60, '70, '80, '90 (almost entirely destroyed by fire), 1900 and 1910. The censuses for 1920-1980 are available but are not yet open for public inspection (not until 72 years from the census date). Most federal censuses are indexed by state and then surname. The amount of information given increased with time, i.e. 1790-1840 gave little information while 1900 and 1910 were very informative. Since the only known Sanday Wallaces did not arrive in the USA until about 1898, the 1900 and 1910 censuses were the only ones of interest. Data available: 1900 - place of residence, name of each person, relationship of each person to head of household, month, and year born, age at last birthday, marital status, years married, mother of how many children, number of these children living, place of birth of person and each of his parents (usually state if USA born or country if foreign born), year of immigration, number of years in USA, naturalization status (naturalized, alien, citizenship applied for, no record), occupation or alternatively number of months unemployed, whether currently attending school, ability to read, write, and/or speak English, and if the person lives in a house or on a farm. 1910--as above but includes race, language spoken, if person rents or owns (free or mortgaged) a house or farm, if survivor of Union or Confederate army or navy, if blind, deaf or dumb. Does include the person's age but (unlike the 1900 census) does not include the month and year of birth or the year of immigration into the USA. The 1900 census is indexed (Soundex) for all states by surname. The 1910 census is only indexed for some states (Illinois and Michigan (the states where the Wallaces settled) fortunately are indexed). The 1920 census (not available for public perusal until 1992) is fully indexed. These census records are available on microfilm at the main (Washington DC) and regional branches of the NATIONAL ARCHIVES as well as at various state and private libraries. SCOTTISH DECENNIAL CENSUS- Decennial censuses began in Scotland 1821. Unfortunately the 1821 and 1831 censuses were ordered destroyed after summary information was taken (for Orkney portions of the 1821 census still exist!). The subsequent censuses for all of Scotland are publicly available on microfilm (1841, '51, '61, '71, and '81). Due to the Scottish "100 year privacy law" the 1901 and later censuses are still not publicly available and the 1891 census is officially only available for perusal at the New Register House, Edinburgh (although curiously the LDS microfilmed the 1891 census and makes it, as well as all the previous census, available on loan throughout the USA). Information available includes: 1821- the 1821 census was not destroyed for certain Orkney parishes - Deerness, St Andrews, Orphir, S. Ronaldsay, Burray, Swana, the Pentland Kerries, and the towns of Stromness, Kirbuster and Finstown. These are held at the Orkney Library but to my knowledge have not been microfilmed. These censuses are quite legible and contain a wealth of information including the farm names, heads of households and all other inhabitants (with relationships and occupations), ages, married women's maiden names, and a list of livestock. 1831- totally destroyed for Orkney. 1841- place (address or placename), house (whether inhabited or not), name and address of each resident as of June 6,1841, sex, age, occupation, whether Scottish born and if so if born in county of this census, if foreign born and if so where. For Sanday there are eight enumeration districts (ED's) -two each for Cross and Burness and four for Lady). All of Cross and Burness' ED's are reasonably legible. Lady ED#1 (Northwall) is readable, ED#2 (Mill of Rusness to Burn of Sandgoe) is barely legible, a supplement to ED#2 (Newark and Corsegate farms) is legible but incomplete (only first initials (no first names), and no age or sex given). The balance of Lady (ED#3 & 4) is good. 1851-place (address or placename), name and surname of all residents as of March 30, 1851, relation to head of household, age, sex, occupation, where born (typically gives county and parish if Scottish born, country if foreign born), and whether blind, deaf or dumb. For Sanday there are eight ED's (four for Cross and Burness combined and four for Lady). Cross and Burness ED's 1 & 2 (primarily Cross) are legible while some of ED#3 and most of ED#4 (both Burness) are very light and difficult to read. All of Lady's (ED#'s 1-4) are legible. 1861-place (address or placename), whether place is occupied or not, name and surname as of date of census, relation to head of family, marital status, age, sex, occupation, where born (see 1851 comments), whether blind, deaf or dumb, number of children between 5 and 15 attending school, and the number of rooms in the house with one or more windows. For Sanday there are eight ED's- all legible. 1871- same information as in 1861 but also notes if person is an "imbecile, idiot or lunatic". For Sanday there are eight ED's-all legible. 1881- same information as 1871. For Sanday there are eight ED's-all legible. 1891- same information as 1881 but also shows if each person is an "employer, employed or self employed but not employing anyone else" and if "Gaelic or G.&E." For Sanday there are eight ED's-all legible. SCOPE OF MY SEARCH- I have purchased the microfilms (from the New Register House) and carefully examined the 1841-81 Sanday censuses. I also reviewed the Sanday 1891 census in detail. Beyond this I examined portions of Kirkwall's 1841-91 censuses in a cursory way. While I feel confident that I have examined the census records carefully for Sanday, the balance of Orkney still needs to be searched.VI LIBRARIES, ETC. The following were useful to me: The Orkney Library, Laing St, Kirkwall, Orkney, Scotland - The "Orcadian Room" contains an excellent collection of books, personal papers, civil records, photographs, census and parish record (microfilms) and local newspapers (microfilms) relating to Orkney. Ms Alison Fraser is the archivist. I haven't begun to tap the resources of this fine library. NATIONAL ARCHIVES, Pennsylvania Ave. betw. 7th & 9th Sts, N.W., Washington, D.C.-contains federal census records and indices, mortality schedules, military service records, veteran's records, bounty land warrants, Indian records, federal land records, private land claims, ships' passenger lists, passport applications and naturalization records, and District of Columbia residents' records. The many regional archives have microfilm of much of the same information. I used primarily the USA 1900 and 1910 census records here as part of my Wallace search. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 1st St. S.E. betw. East Capitol St. & Independence Ave.,Washington,D.C.-massive library. Items of genealogical interest include city directories, US and foreign telephone directories, a "Local History and Genealogy Room" (Room 244...2nd floor),etc. I found the old city directories (Chicago ca 1860's-1930's) and the many books in the Genealogy Room interesting. I found very little on my Orcadian ancestry however. THE FAMILY HISTORY LIBRARY OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS, 35 North West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84150 - this is the genealogy library of the Mormon or LDS church. It is probably the most extensive genealogy library in the world and is available free to Mormons and non-Mormons alike. While I am not a Mormon I have certainly made extensive use of their genealogical resources. Besides this main library in Salt Lake City they have over 450 branch libraries at local LDS churches throughout the USA, Canada and other countries. Much of the information in their main library is also available on microfilm either permanently or via short term loan at these branch libraries. In this way I was able to search microfilms of the Orkney parish, census and civil vital records at a library close to my home. Information available includes: INTERNATIONAL GENEALOGICAL INDEX (IGI) This is a worldwide in scope microfilmed surname index. It is organized first by country, then by county and then alphabetically by surname and given name. For Scotland there is an Orkney section as well as a much larger one encompassing all of Scotland. These are subdivided into birth and marriage indices. All of the Orkney parish records have been indexed in the IGI. This is extremely useful. The IGI birth index gives in alphabetical order the child's surname and given name, parents with mother's maiden name, sex of child, christening or birthdate and county, town or parish where the event was recorded. While the IGI information is no better than the parish record information from which it was taken, the IGI provides a much quicker alternative to scanning the parish microfilm records. I addition to the parish records occasionally some other data (personal entries) has been indexed. References are given. Unfortunately neither the civil vital nor census records are indexed in the IGI. The IGI microfilms are available on a permanent basis at the main and branch LDS libraries as well as the New Register House in Edinburgh (Scotland only). FAMILY GROUP RECORDS COLLECTION - over 7 million alphabetized family group records from all over the world. These are the personal work of, I suppose, many of the LDS church members (for their own families). BOOK COLLECTION - extensive collection of genealogically interesting books including family histories, city directories, city histories, cemetery indices, historical works, etc. MICROFILMS - among other things all of the Scottish censuses (1841-91), civil vital records (1855-75 plus 1881 & 91) and parish records are available. These microfilms (including the necessary readers and photocopy equipment) are readily available in "open stacks". My experience has shown that if this library has the Scottish records of interest on microfilm, that it is possible to do much more efficient research (because of the open stacks) in Salt Lake City than at the New Register House in Edinburgh. For more contemporary Scottish civil vital records, there is no choice but to write for photocopies or to visit either Edinburgh or the local parish registrar; but for the older microfilmed records I believe it is more expedient to work via this LDS library. Of course these same microfilms that are found in Salt Lake City may be ordered via interlibrary loan for local use at any LDS branch library. PROFESSIONAL GENEALOGIST STAFF - while this library staff will not do an individual's research for him, they are very helpful and informative. A local "expert" for each area of the world (ie the British Isles) is usually available for consultation. GENERAL REGISTER HOUSE FOR SCOTLAND, New Register House, Edinburgh EH1 3YT. This building stores the original parish, civil vital and census records. Other records also are available (see the General Register Office for Scotland "Ancestry Leaflet" in the INDEX of this paper). Some of these records have been microfilmed and are available for public perusal. Photocopies of the individual birth, marriage and death records are available for a fee. Copies of the microfilms themselves (census, parish and vital records) can also be purchased (same years as available at the LDS libraries). This library is very busy especially in the summer, space is limited and reservations are definitely recommended. Arrive well before it opens and be prepared to queue up. Research involving the original records (birth, marriage and death) can go very slowly. You are allowed to see only a few entries (3-5 whether they are the ones you had hoped for or not) at one time and always under the direct supervision of a custodian. In busy times you may have to wait two hours between viewings. Between these viewings you can consult the index to these records and note the next group you would like to see. You may not browse through the original record book looking for clues (women's maiden names, etc). The custodian instead finds the book, opens it to a specific page and allows you to look at only the record you requested. You can, however, search the microfilmed records (IGI, census and parish records) at your leisure without the necessity of an attendant being constantly with you. As I noted earlier this microfilm collection is no more complete than that available through any LDS library. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SCOTLAND, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh. This is the most comprehensive public library in Scotland. I spent only a brief time here consulting the city directories and the "Crofter's Commission Report's" (ca 1890-1915). The later make very interesting reading as many of our Sanday Wallace ancestors were crofters. Some "Wallace testimony" as well as listings of the locations and sizes of the crofts, the annual fees, the names of the landlords and the names of each crofter can be found in these reports. SCOTTISH GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY, 15 Victoria Terrace, Edinburgh, EH1 2JL, Scotland VII REFERENCE BOOKS, ETC. The following publications have proved useful and interesting: CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DEATH INDEX 1871-1933 THE COURT BOOKS OF ORKNEY AND SHETLAND 1614-1615, transcribed and edited by Robert S. Barclay, printed for the Scottish Historical Society by T. and A. Constable Ltd, Edinburgh, 1967 FARAWAY WORLD, An Orkney Boyhood, W. Towrie Cutt, Andre Deutsch Ltd.,105 Russel St., London WC1, 1977 FASTI ECCLESIAE SCOTICANAE, The Succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation, Hew Scott, D.D., Vol VII, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1928 GUIDE TO GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES, National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D.C. HISTORY OF ORKNEY, William P. L. Thomson, The Mercat Press, 53-59 South Bridge, Edinburgh, 1987 THE HOGBOON OF HELL AND OTHER STRANGE ORKNEY TALES, Nancy and W. Towrie Cutt, Andre' Deutsch Limited, 105 Great Russel Street, London WC1, 1979 IN SEARCH OF ANCESTRY, Gerald Hamilton-Edwards, Phillimore & Co. Ltd, London and Chichester, 1976 INTRODUCING ... SCOTTISH GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH, Fourth Edition - 1982, Donald Whyte, F.H.G., Featherhall Press Ltd., Featherhall ave, Edinburgh EH12 7UW and published by The Scottish Genealogy Society, 9 Union St, Edinburgh EH1 3LT ISLAND IMAGES, Memories of Sanday, Betsy I. Skea, The Orkney Press Ltd., Victoria St., Kirkwall, Orkney, 1982. In addition to Betsy's colorful and amusing anecdotes about life on Sanday, her book also includes an introduction by William P.L. Thomson - an excellent overview of 18th and 19th century Sanday history. KIRKWALL IN THE ORKNEYS, B. H. HOSSACK, William Peace & Son, Kirkwall, 1900 (reprinted 1986 by The Kirkwall Press, "The Orcadian" Office, Victoria Street, Kirkwall, Orkney) LEST WE FORGET - A Guide to Genealogical Research in the Nation's Capital, Colleen Stone Neal, Annandale Stake of LDS church, Annandale, Va LOOKING BACK, A BOOK OF REMINISCENSES, Stanley Cursiter, Published privately, 1974, Printed by Econoprint Ltd., 42 A Albany Street, Edinburgh EH1 3QR NAGGLES O' PIAPITTEM, A STUDY OF THE PLACENAMES OF SANDAY ORKNEY, Gregor Lamb and Karl Cooper (in preparation) NOTES ON ORKNEY AND ZETLAND: Illustrative of The History, Antiquities, Scenery and Customs of Those Islands. by Alexander Peterkin, Esq., Sheriff-Substitute of Orkney, Vol. I., printed by John Moir, for Macredie, Skelly, and Company, Princes Street; and T.& G. Underwood, London. 1822 AN ORKNEY TAPESTRY, George MacKay Brown, Quartet Books Limited, 27 Goodge Street, London W1P 1FD, 1973 THE ORKNEYINGA SAGA, translated from the Icelandic by Jon A. Hjaltalin and Gilbert Goudie, edited by Joseph Anderson, James Thin, Bookseller, South Bridge, Edinburgh, 1981 ORKNEY WORDBOOK, A DICTIONARY OF THE DIALECT OF ORKNEY, Gregor Lamb, published by Byrgisey, Birsay, Orkney, 1988, printed by the Kirkwall Press, "The Orcadian" Office, Victoria Street, Kirkwall THE ORCADIAN, Victoria St, Kirkwall, Orkney (local newspaper) ORKNEY, Ronald Miller, B. T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1976 ORKNEY AND SHETLAND 1774, A TOUR THROUGH THE ISLANDS OF ORKNEY AND SCHETLAND, George Low, published by Melven Press, 29 Union Street, Inverness, printed by Bookmag, Inverness ORKNEY HERITAGE, Vol 1, published by Orkney heritage Society, Kirkwall, printed by Caithness Books,Thurso,Caithness, 1981 ORKNEY STONES 1882-1989, The Orkney Historical Society, Yorkton, Saskatchewan, Canada. This book provides a history of the town of Orkney near Yorkton. It includes histories of the original settling families each provided by a contemporary family member. I obtained this book from Mrs Joyce Muir of Yorkton. ORKNEY SURNAMES, Gregor Lamb, Paul Harris Publishing, Edinburg, 1981 ORKNEYMEN IN THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY 1780-1821, John Hicks, published in OLD TRAILS AND NEW DIRECTIONS: PAPERS OF THE THIRD NORTH AMERICAN FUR TRADE CONFERENCE, Carol M Judd & Arthur J Ray, editors, University of Toronto Press 1980 THE PEOPLE OF ORKNEY, edited by R. J. Berry and H. N. Firth, published by The Orkney Press Ltd., 12 Craigiefield Park, St Ola, Kirkwall, Orkney 1986, printed by The Kirkwall Press, "The Orcadian" Office, Victoria Street, Kirkwall, Orkney THE PHONE BOOK - HIGHLANDS AND ISLANDS, British Telecom, North Scotland District, Caledonian House, 232 Union Street, Aberdeen AB9 2BB, Scotland, February 1987 THE PLACE-NAMES OF BIRSAY, Hugh Marwick, edited and introduced by W.F.H. Nicolaisen, Aberdeen University Press, 1970 THE PREHISTORY OF ORKNEY, BC4000-1000AD, Colin Renfrew, editor, Edinburgh University Press, 22 George Square, Edinburgh, 1985 ROBERT STEWART, EARL OF ORKNEY, LORD OF SHETLAND 1533-1593, Peter D. Anderson, John Donald Publishers Ltd, 138 St. Stephen Street, Edinburgh, 1982 SCOTTISH HISTORY SOCIETY 1886-1966, A COMMEMORATIVE RECORD, printed for the Scottish History Society by T. and A. Constable Ltd, Edinburgh, 1967 SCOTTISH PLACE NAMES, THEIR MEANINGS EXPLAINED, A. Michael Eyers, Sphere Books Limited, 30-32 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8JL, 1980 TOMB OF THE EAGLES, A WINDOW ON STONE AGE TRIBAL BRITAIN, John W. Hedges, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, 50 Albemarle Street, London W1X 4BD, 1984 TOURS IN SCOTLAND 1747, 1750, 1760, Richard Pococke, Bishop of Meath, University Press by T. and A. Constable, for the Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh, 1887 TRACING YOUR ANCESTORS IN CANADA, Janine Roy, National Archives of Canada, Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1988 TRACING YOUR SCOTTISH ANCESTORS, A GUIDE TO ANCESTRY RESEARCH IN THE SCOTTISH RECORD OFFICE, Cecil Sinclair, Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh 1990 TRACING YOUR SCOTTISH ANCESTRY, Kathleen B Cory, Polygon, 22 George Sq, Edinburgh 1990 A VISIT TO THE ISLE OF SANDAY, Rev. Alexander Goodfellow, W.R. Mackintosh,Kirkwall, 1912 (republished by Cienfuegos Press Ltd., Over-the-Water, Sanday, Orkney, KW17 2BL, 1978) VIII PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS Contemporary family members and authorities on Orcadian history were consulted whenever possible. In addition many Wallaces have contributed information about their own family histories. An alphabetical list of those people who in some way contributed to this paper follows: Mr Charles Addington (#967) of Box 216, Station B, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4B8. Charles is a descendant of James Wallace (#709). He provided data on his Wallace ancestors who immigrated from Orkney to Canada. Charles has been very helpful to me in providing general information on Orcadian immigrants in Canada. He found my grandfather Robert Cursiter and his family in the Quebec passenger lists as well as in the 1891 Hamilton, Ontario census and 1891 to 1898 Hamilton city directories. Ms Jeannie Barnier (#5643), R.M.B. 236, Cowper, New South Wales 2460, Australia. Jeannie responded to my 7/92 Orcadian notice about this paper. Her grandmother was Elizabeth Wallace #812 who married John Muir Thomson. She sent me much information on her branch of the Wallaces and related Thomsons. Mr Glenn Bowie (#1682), 25746 N Player Dr, Q-1, Valencia, CA 91355. Glenn is the great, great grandson of John Wallace (#694). He provided extensive information on his branch of the family. Mrs Thelma Skea Bruce (#1267), Greentoft, Dearness, Orkney. Mrs Bruce is the granddaughter of Catherine Wallace #839. Janice Lyall Bews Carpenter MD (#1233), 3 Long Meadow, Bedgrove, Aylesbury HP217E5, Bucks, England. Dr Carpenter is the granddaughter of the late Janet Wallace (#851) who married John Rendall and was a schoolteacher in Westray. Mrs Mike Carsley, 24 Eider Rd, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, Scotland AB40FD. Sheena Meil Carsley is a first cousin of Christine Hope Wallace (the wife of John Wallace #501 below) and a friend of Midge and Dev Leahy below. She is researching Sanday Muirs. I have not yet corresponded with Sheena. Mr Michael C Clouston, "Serinsten", Noss, Scousburgh, Shetland ZE2 9JE, Scotland, phone Sumburgh (0950) 60677. Mike is family genealogist studying his Clouston lines. Mike is a first cousin once removed of Bill Cursiter #2269 below. Mr Karl Cooper (#4018), 59 Albert St, Kirkwall, Orkney KW15 1HQ. Karl is a map maker who has created very detailed maps with placenames for many of the islands including Sanday, North Ronaldsay, Papa Westray and Shetland. He is also collaborating with Gregor Lamb on NAGGLES O' PIAPITTEM, A STUDY OF THE PLACENAMES OF SANDAY. Karl is a distant relative through my Sanday Wallace line. Mr Albert "Roy" Curtis Jr (#117), 719 N. Sleight, Naperville, Illinois 60540. Roy gave me a copy of his mother Annie Wallace Custer Vanderkloot #79's birth certificate which first led me to Sanday as the origin of our Wallace family. Roy is a grandson of Mary Wallace (#74). Mr Robert J Custer (#3) of 25 Delwick Lane, New Providence, New Jersey 07974 (my father) and Mrs William (Lorraine) Custer Dorsey (#9) of 2954 M St., Merced, California 95340 (my aunt). They gave me the first information on the Wallaces which prompted me to begin my search. Both my aunt and father are grandchildren of Mary Wallace (#74). Mrs I E Davey of 15 Netting Street, Sunnybank Hills, Brisbane 4109, Australia. Elizabeth's husband is the great, great grandson of Mary Wallace (#4106). Mary Wallace married Thomas Muir and had a son Thomas who was born in Kirkwall in about 1844. This Thomas emigrated to Australia. The late Mrs Jean Wallace Davis (#173) of 6602 Cemetery Rd.,Saugatuck, Michigan 49453. Jean was the last surviving child of William Wallace (#144) who immigrated from Orkney to the USA in 1901. Jean provided information on the descendants of her father William as well as those of his sister Mary Wallace Cursiter (#74) who settled in Chicago, Illinois and Saugatuck, Michigan. Jean also let me copy a number of old family pictures. The late Mrs Barbara Wallace Peace Dearness (#1218) formerly of The Knowe, Burness, Sanday, Orkney. Mrs Dearness was the granddaughter of Barbara Wallace #241. She passed away January 1986. Mr William Donald Dearness of No 20 Sixth Ave, Townsville, North Queensland, Australia 4810. Mr Dearness provided information on certain Sanday families who immigrated to Australia in the late 1800's. While most were unrelated "Dearnesses", some Wallace and Turfus family members were included. Mr Ian James Dearness (#1247) of the Knowe, Burness, Sanday. Ian is the the son of the late Barbara W Dearness (#1238) above. We met in 1988. Mrs Sophia Elizabeth Mary Slater Dunnet (#955), Abilene, Holm Road, Kirkwall KW15 1R7. Mrs Dunnet responded to my 1/89 Orcadian notice and is the granddaughter of Roberta Wallace (#951). Mrs Lena Edwards, 17A Holmes Street, Oamaru, North Otago, New Zealand. In May 1990 Mrs Edwards place a genealogy query in the Orcadian. While the surnames she mentioned were not ones common to my family, she did mention that she was a member of the New Zealand Genealogy Society and the Orkney Club. I sent her my Wallace and Cursiter books and asked that she share them with the Orkney Club. Mrs Margaret Sinclair Eunson (#1254), Staye, Deerness, Orkney, KW17 2QM. Mrs Eunson is the granddaughter of Catherine Wallace #714 and the daughter of Mary Isabella Moodie #775. Mr and Mrs Kenneth Foubister of The Belsair Guest House, Kettletoft, Sanday. They were our hosts during our first visit to Sanday. The Foubisters were very helpful in providing our first introduction to this island. Ms Alison Fraser, archivist, The Orkney Library, Laing St., Kirkwall. Ms Fraser was very helpful during my visits to this library. A copy of this paper was donated to the library on 8/88. The Genealogical Society Of Utah, 50 East North Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150. This affiliate of the LDS church was given a copies of this paper on 12/85 and again on 6/87. It has been microfilmed and is available at branch libraries on request worldwide (call number 929.241 W155C). Mr Dan Goble, 1607 Wood St, Valparaiso, In 46383, work phone 219 736-0400. Dan is descended from the Sanday Wallaces. I sent him an older copy of my book 5/2/93. Mrs Jessie Elizabeth "Zetta" Turfus Gray (#1185), 26 Brighton Rd, Green Island, Dunedin, New Zealand. Mrs Gray is a cousin of Mr William J R Muir (above) and the daughter of William Swanson Turfus #605 and the granddaughter of Barbara Wallace #241. Misses Moira (#3265), Elaine (#3266) and Olive (#3267) Harcus, Smithyquoy, Westray - daughters of Margaret Olive Turfus Dearness Harcus (#1248) and granddaughters of the late Mrs Barbara Dearness (#1238) above. We met in 1988. Mrs Ann B Sinclair Johnston (#1251), Malesh, St Mary's, Holm, Orkney KW17 2RU. Mrs Johnston is the granddaughter of Catherine Wallace #714. Mrs Barbara Wallace Jolly (#170) of 10921 Birchwood Place, Pembroke Pines, Florida 33026. Barbara is the daughter of William Angus Wallace (#144). Mrs Joanne Reilly Kurth (#168), 7231 Wolf Rd., Indian Head Park, Illinois, 60525. Joanne is a daughter of Rosa Wallace #165. She provided early information on the Wallaces prior to my initial visit to Sanday. Mr Gregor Lamb of South Waird, Marwick, Birsay, Orkney-author of ORKNEY SURNAMES, ORKNEY WORDBOOK and hopefully the soon to be published NAGGLES O PIAPITTEM, A STUDY OF THE PLACENAMES OF SANDAY ORKNEY. Gregor also arranged for me to get a copy of Karl Cooper's fine set of maps of Sanday. We stayed with Gregor, his wife Elizabeth and daughter Inga in 1988. Mr and Mrs Devereaux Leahy, 7958 Stone Street, Stonehedge, Ventura, CA 93004, (805) 647-8562 or (805) 821-5321. Marjorie "Midge" Melville Leahy and her husband Dev are interested in the Sanday Meils (variant Melville). Midge is a member of the Wallace line of William Wallace (#760). She is related via the Meils to Christine Hope Wallace, wife of John J. Wallace (#501) below and also to Karl Cooper, the map maker. Mr John Magnus Lennie (#3246), Reymaur, Pipersquoy Rd, Kirkwall. John is a great grandson of Barbara Wallace (#241). John provided very detailed information on his branch of the family. We met with John in 1988. Mrs Jemina Inkster "Mimes" Manson (#3710), Heddon, Finstown, Firth, Orkney KW17 2ES. Mrs Manson responded to my 1/89 ORCADIAN notice and is descended from Elizabeth Wallace (#884) and her husband John Slater. She has been studying her family line for a number of years and has sent me a large quantity of information on the old Sanday Wallace, Thomson and Slater families. Mimes and her husband Jim were my hosts during my 11/89 visit to Orkney. She also gave me an antique bottle labeled "CURSITER BROTHERS, 1853, KIRKWALL". The Orkney & Shetland Association, c/o Mrs E. Petrie, 8 Grafton Street, E Balmain, Sydney N.S.W., Australia 2041. I obtained their address from an article in the 20 July 1989 Orcadian. I have sent them a copy of this paper. Mrs Lilias Barbara Mary Sclater Mathers (#1116), Cromlech, Stenness, Stromness, Orkney KW16 3LB. Lilias is the granddaughter of Davina Turface #600 and the great granddaughter of Barbara Wallace #241. She provided much information on her branch of the family. She and her husband Alf also offer a fine "bed and breakfast" located quite close to "The Standing Stones of Stenness". We stayed with Lilias in 1988. Mrs Jessie Dickson Lyall Wallace Moodie (#873), Graesmay, Sanday, Orkney. Jessie supplied a large amount of the information found on Chart #730. I visited Jessie in 1988. Mr James A Muir, Apt 605, 116-14 Avenue, S.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2R 0L8. Mr Muir placed a letter to the editor in May 1990 in the Orcadian and noted that he was descended from Muirs of Eday. He also mentioned the book ORKNEY STONES published in 1989 in Canada. I sent him my Wallace book and asked how I could purchase ORKNEY STONES. Mrs Joyce Muir, Box 221, Yorkton, Saskatchewan, Canada, S3N2V7. Joyce (via her husband Les) is a niece of the above James A. Muir. She sent me a copy of ORKNEY STONES and I sent her my Cursiter and Wallace books. Joyce promised to share my books with Mrs Helen Norman, RR#2, Yorkton, SK, Can, S3N2V4. Per Joyce "Helen is vert active in genealogy. You will find out all about the Reids in the ORKNEY STONES. Helen is our historian for Orkney." Mr Stephen Muir, Anchor Cottage, Sanday, Orkney. Mr Muir responded to my 7/92 letter to the Orcadian. His great grandfather was Robert Garrioch of Saville who married a Wallace of Branchcott. I sent him this book and await a reply. Mr William F Muir (#1176), 33 Grange Rd, Fort William, Inverness-shire, Scotland. Mr Muir is a grandson of Jemina Wallace #497. Mr William J R Muir (#1110), Summerdale, Stenness, Stromness, Orkney. Mr Muir is the grandson of Barbara Wallace #241. We visited William in 1988. Mr David Wallace Reilly (#169), 708 East St, Lemont, Illinois 60439. David is the sister of Joanne Kurth above. He contributed the information on his family line. Mr James Skea (#2864), Orquil, Rendall, Orkney. Mr Skea is the grandson of Catherine Wallace (#839). Mr David P Scott, 3 White Chapel, Junction Rd, Kirkwall. Mr Scott provided information on Janet (Jenny) Muir Wallace #851. Mr Ian Stewart Sinclair (#1255), 2 Station Square, St Mary's Holm, Orkney. Ian is the grandson of Catherine Wallace (#714). The late Mr James Sinclair (#1102) and his sister Miss Mary Sinclair (#1101), St Ola, Campsie Rd, Torrance, Glasgow. Jimmie and Mary are descendants of Ann Wallace Cumming #239. They provided most of the information that I have on the descendants of Ann #239 and her brother Walter #237 who settled in Glasgow. Jimmie and Mary also gave me a number of old family photos and a hand made miniature chair. Jimmy was a retired joiner. Mr William Sinclair (#1156), 51 Meadowbank, Kirkwall, Orkney KW15 1QJ. Mr Sinclair is the son of Mary Isabella Moodie #775. Bessie I and William J Skea, 7 Nicolson Street, Kirkwall, Orkney KW15 1BD, Tel (0856) 3320. Bessie is the authoress of ISLAND IMAGES. I sent her a copy of this paper. While Bessie and her brother William are from Northwall, Sanday they do not have Wallace connections. She does know many anecdotes about the island however, and noted that the "agitated cottar" on page 32 of her book "whose cow had calving trouble" was David Wallace of Crudy (#121) - my great, great grandfather. Mr Ian Wallace Skea, 18 Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh, Scotland EH11 1LW. Ian is the grandson of Catherine Wallace (#839). Mrs Elizabeth "Elspeth" Kathleen Wallace Slater (#826), Mid Maire, Sanday, Orkney. Elspeth is a daughter of William Wallace (#895). We visited Elspeth in 1988. Mr James Towrie (#3301), Westbank, Sanday. Jemie and his wife Rone were our hosts during our visit to Sanday in 1988. They offer a wonderful bed and breakfast! Jim also provided detailed information on his family line. He is the great grandson of Barbara Wallace (#741). Mrs Maggie May Kelday "Dollie" Slater Tulloch (#1242) of Newbigging, Burness, Sanday. Mrs Tulloch is a long time Sanday resident and the granddaughter of Barbara Wallace (#241). I visited Dollie in 1988. The late Mr John J "Jackie" Wallace (#501) of #2 Lettan, Lady, Sanday. Jackie was especially knowledgeable about Sanday Wallace history. In addition his widow Christine is Registrar of Sanday and keeper of the civil records (1855-present). I thank Jackie, his sister Mary and wife Christine for the hospitality they showed my wife and me during our visits to Sanday and for all the help they provided. I have dedicated THE WALLACES OF SANDAY to Jackie and his knowledge and love of his island and our Orcadian heritage. Mr Ray Wards, 27 Peel Street, Lawrence, New Zealand. Mr Wards name was given to me by Mike Clouston of Shetland. He is a descendant of Margaret Cursetter #215 and her husband Robert Wards and has written an excellent Wards family genealogy. I have written to Ray Wards and am awaiting a reply. The late Mr William Wallace Weatherston (#111) formerly of 32 Abbey Ln., Delray Beach, Florida 33446. William was very helpful providing information early in my search. William was a grandson of Mary Wallace (#74). VALIDITY OF RELATIONSHIPS IN FAMILY DESCENDANCY CHARTS Per my "TABLE OF CONTENTS" and "DESCENDANTS" charts I have been able to group the Sanday Wallaces into a number of "families". The two largest of these "families" are the "Descendants of John Wallace #684" (primarily from Northwall, Lady parish) and the "Descendants of James Wallace #730" (moved from Lady (1785) to Cross and ultimately to Burness parish). Ideally my bases for these family groupings were "proven relationships" (civil records showing parent/child relationships) but in some cases a lot of "detective work" and considerable speculation was involved (especially for the distant past). Proven relationships were easier to establish for the later years. Information availability increased from the parish records (1735 and later), through the censuses (1841 and later), through the civil birth, marriage and death records (1855 and later) and finally through communications with contemporary family members. Records effectively extend backwards in time (an 1855 civil death record for an 80 year old man would give his age, place of birth, parents, spouse, etc). This would establish his year of birth (1775) and some further information about his parents (their marriage date could be estimated to have been 1750-75 and their birth years to have been 1725-55). Census records also "reached back into time" via the ages of the enumerated individuals and (for 1851 and later) their birth places. For the above reasons the family relationships established in this paper for individuals living in the 1700's were based less often on firm facts and more often on substantial deductive reasoning. I have tried to document my data sources. If a relationship is speculative I have noted this in a footnote. An example of a key speculative assumption and my reasons for making it are as follows: ASSUMPTION - JOHN WALLACE #684 WAS MARRIED TWICE AND WILLIAM WALLACE #686 AND JOHN WALLACE #222 WERE BROTHERS REASONS 1 William Wallace #686, John #684's son died Jan 10, 1864 at Lettan, Northwall. His death record shows his parents to have been John Wallace and Janet Anderson. The Lady parish records confirm the birth of a William Wallace to these parents on July 29, 1776. The father/son relationship is proven. 2 A John Wallace, the son of John Wallace and Janet Anderson was born Jan 19, 1782 per the Lady parish records. He was obviously William's brother. 3 A John Wallace #222 lived in Northwall, married Elizabeth Thomson and per the 1841 census was about the proper age to be the John of "2" above. Unfortunately John #222 died prior to 1855 and hence no civil death record exists. While you might strongly suspect that John #222 and William #686 were brothers (per their census ages versus the parish birth record entries and their households proximity), there was no definite evidence (a death record giving John #222's parents). 4 A Janet Wallace #690 died July 2, 1897. Her civil death record lists her parents as John Wallace and Isabella Groundwater. Yet the informant on her death certificate was "her nephew" David Wallace (one of John #222's sons) of Queensbrig, Lady. Either the term "nephew" was used loosely on the death record or Janet #690 was John #222's half sister. Janet #690's death record states that she was unmarried, 95 years old and born in Lady parish. This implies her birth year was about 1802, 20 years after John #222's and 26 years after William #686's birth. I could find no record of Janet's #690's birth in the Lady parish records. I also found no record of a marriage of John Wallace and Isabella Groundwater. 5 One way to rationalize the above data is to assume that William #686 and John #222 were brothers and that Janet #690 was their half sister. That would mean that John Wallace #684 was married twice (once to Janet Anderson before 1776 and then again to Isabella Groundwater prior to 1802) This assumption seems reasonable in light of other (but non-definitive) evidence that William and John were brothers. The implications of the above assumption (that William #686 and John #222 were brothers) are fairly significant. Upon this assumption I united the descendants of William and John into one "family" on a common chart under their assumed mutual father John Wallace #684. Hopefully these relationships will be proven after more research. While most of the family relationships given in the various descendancy charts were based upon more definitive evidence, this particular item stands out as an example of the "deductive reasoning" that I had mentioned earlier. I have tried to identify these occurrences via footnotes when I feel my evidence was deductive or speculative. GLOSSARY The following are old Orcadian words with their meanings: ane one aucht eight augmentation increase in feu duty auld old bere (beir) four-rowed barley, once common throughout Scotland, though rare today bu (bow, bull) head farm of a udal estate chalder unit of Scottish grain measure, equivalent to approximately 4-6 English bushels ell unit of length, equal to about a yard escheat forfeiture of estate farding land fourth part of a penny land fee full right of property in heritage, as distinct from liferent feu, few Feudal holding foullis fowls grassum, gersum entry fee paid by holder of a tack grieve, greif farm overseer instrument document testifying to completion of act of e.g. sasine, putting in possession of land liferent reservation of actual use of property when owner grants away fee laird, lard landlord leispund unit of weight for butter, oil, wool mails (males) feu duties, rents maill, meall, meill meal meil, meill, meall measure of Northern Isles grain weight, equal to 6 settings or 1/24 of a last merk mark Scots, worth 13s 4d Scots, also measure of weight in N Isles, = 1/24 lispund merk land 14th & 15th centuries, land valued @ one mark sterling (later revalued) odal see udal outbrecks barren land, thinly coated with earth and hardly worth cultivating penny land unit of land value for the purpose of taxation pund the pound Scots, worth 1s 8d sterling from 1600 pundler weighing machine on the principle of the lever quoy, quoyland enclosure, or piece of land originally taken into cultivation from outside hill dyke runrig system of cultivation in which separate ridges in field were cultivated by different occupiers rig and rendell see runrig setting unit of weight for grain, = 24 marks or 1/6 meil, equiv leispund skat land tax of Norse origin, divided into various types, e.g. malt skat, butter skat, forcop, wattle, etc tack lease, customarily renewable every 19 years in Scotland, every 3 in Shetland tacksman leaseholder teinds, teindsheaves tenth part of annual produce of land, due to the church udal, uthell, odal having no fuedal superior e.g. odal proprietor, udal tenure (ON ancestral property) umquhill, umwhile the late, deceased victual goods in kind wadset pledge of lands in security for debt COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE This paper was compiled as follows: HARDWARE My initial system (1/83) was an Apple II+ computer with 64K DRAM, three Apple Disc II floppy disk drives (143K each) and an Epson FX 100, 160cps dot matrix printer. In 11/85 I switched to an IBM PC-XT "clone" with a 8088-2 microprocessor, 640K DRAM, two 360K floppy disk drives and a Seagate 20 megabyte hard disk. For business and personal reasons I have continued to upgrade to faster IBM compatible systems. Currently I am using an IBM Thinkpad 760CD notebook computer with a 120 MHZ Pentium processor, 2.1 gigabyte hard disk, 24 megabytes of DRAM, 1.44 megabyte 3 «" floppy disk, 4x CDROM drive, external Iomega 1 gigabyte Jaz drive, internal 28.8 analog modem and external 3Com ISDN modem.. My printer is a Hewlett Packard LaserJet series III. I have a Hewlett Packard ScanJet IV color flatbed scanner, a HP Photosmart photoscanner (scans color pictures, negatives and slides) and a Canon D-300 L digital camera. OPERATING SYSTEM My current operating system is Windows 95. GENEALOGY SOFTWARE Data entry and compilation (including the printing of the enclosed "Descendants" charts) was done using FAMILY ROOTS version 4.4 written by Stephen C. Vorenberg and published by and available from Quinsept, Inc, P.O. Box 216, Lexington, Massachusetts 02173, USA, phone 617 641 2930. WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE The text of this paper was prepared using WordPerfect for Windows version 6.1 by Corel. GRAPHIC IMAGES Graphic images were scanned using a Hewlett Packard ScanJet flatbed scanner, captured as .TIF files and imported directly into WordPerfect. OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION Typed text can be recognized, i.e., "read" using a scanner and OCR software. It can then be imported into a word processor, modified and then printed or exported into another document. While OCR was impractical or very expensive in the past (except for very simple type faces), recent software advances have now made OCR feasible even for home use. My current software is Caere Corporation's, Omnipage Professional. SPREADSHEET AND DATA SORTING SOFTWARE The "Index" and "Recipients of this Paper" were compiled using LOTUS 1-2-3 release 5.0 for Windows. Originally I had used a word processor to make these sections but then switched my files to LOTUS 1-2-3 because of its sorting capabilities. Actually the Index given in this paper is just one portion of a much larger LOTUS 1-2-3 spreadsheet containing all the Wallaces, Cursiters, Turfus' and other people with Orcadian surnames of interest to my research. The full spreadsheet is 2300 rows long by about 20 columns wide. Copies are available on request. Internet Access, E-Mail and Website I use a direct Internet connection via Windows 95 "Dialup Networking" with Mindspring as my Internet access provider. My E-mail software is Netmanage Z-Mail Pro and my Internet browser is Netscape 3.0 Gold. At home I connect to the Internet via an 128k ISDN modem and when traveling with an IBM internal 28k analog modem. File transfer to my website is via FTP Voyager by Rhino Software. My primary E-mail address is wcuster@mindspring.com. Alternates (checked less frequently) are America Online waltcuster@aol.com Compuserve 72431,2361 Prodigy VTXC77A My website (which contains most of my genealogy data) is http://www.mindspring.com/~wcuster/main.html My genealogy data on this website can all be downloaded. DATA AVAILABILITY The quickest way to get my data is to download it from my Internet web site. The WordPerfect text has been converted to ASCII.txt files readable by almost all word processors. The Lotus 1-2-3 files can be read by Excel, Quatro Pro and other common electronic spreadsheet programs. My descendants charts have been "printed" from Family Roots and posted as ASCI.txt files. I am also in the process of converting my Family Roots data to GEDCOM format. These files will be posted. The FAMILY ROOTS, WordPerfect, and LOTUS 1-2-3 programs all are copyrighted and therefore can not legally be copied and distributed. All are readily available commercially. I will, however, provide copies of my Family Roots data disks on request to any interested person for non-commercial usage. To run them you will probably have to purchase Family Roots.